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COPD is mainly associated with cigarette biomass smoke. Download Scientific Diagram What are the effects of smoking on lungs? Pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) induced by cigarette smoke PMC The role of cigarette smoke induced pulmonary vascular endothelial cell apoptosis in COPD Respiratory Research Springer Nature Link The Role of Smoking in the Mechanisms of Development of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Atherosclerosis Smoking is one of the most preventable causes of disease and death worldwide. It affects nearly every organ in the body through mechanisms such as chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and

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