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Besides, HPS significantly suppressed MDA concentration and enhanced the concentration of antioxidant enzymes in HG-induced Schwann cells

Phase 3, Remodeling (Weeks 3-8): Both peptides contribute to extracellular matrix reorganization, reducing scar formation and improving the mechanical quality of repaired tissue

Therefore, the increase in ATP production and mitochondrial antioxidant defense, as well as the maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis in the kidney, are considered therapeutic targets for oxidative stress-related renal injury [8,9,10]

These include genetic, oxidative stress, autoimmune, autoinflammatory, neural, apoptotic, molecular adhesion disorder and multifactorial mechanisms [1]

Adenosine can be efficiently taken up into astrocytes by nucleoside transporters [237], subsequently be phosphorylated by adenosine kinase [38, 238], or deaminated to inosine by adenosine deaminase [239] (Fig

Hiramoto K, Kubo S, Tsuji K, Sugiyama D, Iizuka Y, Hamano H (2023) The effect of Bacillus coagulans induced interactions among intestinal bacteria, metabolites, and inflammatory molecules in improving natural skin aging