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Adaptation and Psychometric Properties of the Electronic Cigarette Dependence Index (ECDI) in a Colombian Sample Prevalence of use, perceptions of harm and addictiveness, and dependence of electronic cigarettes among adults in Kuwait: A cross sectional study Frontiers Prevalence, knowledge, attitude, and practice of vaping among university students in the United Arab Emirates: a cross sectional study E cigarette use to reduce cigarette smoking may not increase nicotine dependence Penn State University Validity and Reliability of Four Instruments for E Cigarette Dependence and Sensory Factors in E Cigarette Use and Correlations Between These Measurements Banu Aslan, Ozgur Onal, 2026 Nicotine dependence and associated factors among persons who use electronic e cigarettes in Malaysia an online survey Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy Springer Nature Link
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