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Chem., 54: 810-817
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Homodimers It is a general physical property of the class-A GPCRs to form transient homodimerization ( Heteromers DR-DR Heteromers D1-D2R Heteromers Activation of the Gq-coupled D1-D2R heteromers in striatal neurons results in PLC-dependent intracellular calcium release, thus activating calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII)/Mutations of the methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2)/brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) pathway ( D1-D3R Heteromers D1-D3R heteromers, located in the ventral striatum, enhance D1R agonist affinity, the potency of D1R in activating adenylyl cyclase (AC), impair agonist-induced D1R internalization ( D2-D4R Heteromers D2R can exist in a heterodimeric form with D4R, participating in dopamine-induced decrease of K + -induced glutamate release ( Adenosine Receptor-DR Heteromers A2A-D2R Heteromers The C-terminal tail of the A2AR and the intracellular loop3 of the D2R form antagonistic heteromers through direct electrostatic interactions in striatopallidal GABAergic neurons and glial cells ( A2A-D3R Heteromers A2AR activation reduces D3R agonist affinity and the ability of D3R to inhibit AC ( A1-D1R Heteromers There exist antagonistic intramembrane A1-D1R interactions at the AC level in the dorsal, ventral striatum, and prefrontal cortex ( via inward rectifying, cAMP/PKA/DARPP-32 pathway, as well as calcium-activated potassium channels ( H3-DR Heteromers H3-D1R and H3-D2R heteromers, in which H3R potentiates the D2R-induced inhibition of the indirect pathway and inhibits the D1R-induced excitation of the direct pathway in AC level, modulate DA and GABA release ( N -methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-DR heteromers NMDA-D1R Heteromers Heteromers, consist of D1R and NMDAR, increase the phosphorylation of NR1 and NR2B subunits, surface insertion of NR2B, and NMDA-triggered Ca2+ upregulation via cAMP/PKA/RACK1-mediated Fyn activation ( via PI-3K/Akt/GSK3 pathway instead of modulating Ca2+ influx ( NMDAR abolishes D1R internalization and enhances D1R-mediated cAMP accumulation via a SNARE-dependent mechanism ( NMDA-D2R Heteromers In glutamate synapses, NMDA-D2R heteromers, in which ICL3 of D2R interacts with the NR2B subunit, interfere with the binding of Ca2+/CaMKII to NR2B, reduce NR2B phosphorylation, and inhibit NMDA receptor-mediated currents ( Other Heteromers Cannabinoid Type 1(CB1)-DR Heteromers CB1-DR heteromers in the striatum ( D3R-nAChR Heteromers D3R-nAChR heteromers in DA neurons are the molecular unit involved in the induction of neurotrophic effects, neuroprotection, and inhibition of -syn accumulation ( Receptor Mosaic (RM) A2A-mGlu5-D2 RM A2AR and mGlu5 act synergistically to counteract the D2R signaling in striatopallidal neurons, reducing mGlu5 desensitization ( A2A-CB1-D2 RM A2A-CB1-D2 RM in striatopallidal neurons selectively couples to the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway ( Roles of Dopamine in Inflammation NLRP3 Inflammasome NLRP3 inflammasome is a group of intracellular multi-protein complexes, participating in the pathogenesis of a variety of diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease, gout, atherosclerosis, and Alzheimers disease ( Figure 1 )
Lyons J, et al
Determination of initial turnover number The initial turnover rates were determined in PBS at pH 7.4 (8 g l 1 NaCl (Labkem, SOCH-00T), 1.44 g l 1 Na 2 HPO 4 (Supelco, 1.06586), 0.2 g l 1 KCl (Panreac, 131494) and 0.24 g l 1 KH 2 PO 4 (Fisher Scientific, BP362)) using ABTS (1 mM), DMP (5 mM), guaiacol (50 mM), sinapic acid (0.35 mM) or p -coumaric acid (0.1 mM) as substrate
